There are only three types of grapes that can be used in the production of champagne. These three varieties are: Pinot Noir, Pinot Meunier and Chardonnay. Pinot Noir is the wine growers nightmare, but the drinkers paradise. Pinot Noir is extremely sensitive to rot and disease. A very difficult grape to cultivate and all contact with the grapes skin must be avoided to ensure a white champagne. Pinot Noir grapes of the highest class can only be found growing in Burgundy and the region of Champagne. It is used to give backbone and structure to champagne.

Pinot Meunier is the grape that the majority of champagne houses use and dominates the regions of Aisne and Seine- et- Marne. The Pinot Meunier grape is a very hardy grape and is the only variety that ripens in very cold years. It is also less sensitive to spring frost and gives a 10- 15% higher yield per vine than the Pinot Noir. Producers praise Pinot Meunier for its fruity qualities and wines from this grape mature quickly. Pure blanc de noirs from Pinot Meunier are unusual and are rarely good for no more than ten years.

Chardonnay is probably the worlds finest grape. Today Chardonnay is a fashionable grape which is harvested more and more in France. The greatest increase has taken place in Champagne. The grape allows itself to be formed to perfection in various climates and soils. The Chadonnay vine does however waste energy in producing leaves instead of using it to ripen the grapes. This however is combated by hard pruning and planting the vines very close together. On the whole the grape is very easy to cultivate with just one problem being its sensitivity to frost.

There are seven steps in the process of making Champagne:

1- The vineyard:The vine farmers work goes on all year round. He must prune, fertilize and spray the crop protecting against viruses, parasites and spring frosts. The average age of a vine is 15 years, with a vine reaching its peak at 30 years.

2- The harvest:In any wine region the harvest is the highlight of any given year. The harvest festival is a colorful occasion. The harvesting usually begins in the middle of September.

3- The pressing:The press house is located as near as possible to the vineyard as its essential that the grapes are whole and in their best condition when they reach the press house. In 1992 the legally set volumes for each pressing were set at 2550 litres from 4000 kilos of grapes.

4- Fermentation:When the grape juice has been taken to the fermenting vats it immediately begins to ferment, due to the yeasts originally in the grapes skin. Selected yeast cultures are also added.

5- Blending:When the wine has finished fermenting during the winter it is racked twice, separating the wine from the yeast sediment that builds up. In march blending begins with the cellar master- chef de caves- blending the wines with each other to produce the best possible champagne.

6- Second fermentation:When the blending has been completed in giant tanks more sugar and yeast is added and then the wine is bottled and sealed temporarily.

7- Disgorging:After the second fermentation has completed the bottlenecks are frozen at – 28c half freezing the sediment, which is shot out of the bottle by a machine with a sharp mechanical movement. The lost wine is then replaced with new wine and some sugar. The bottle is then fitted with the cork and the bottle of champagne has been made.

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Australia is blessed with abundant sunshine which enables our grapes to ripen to perfection.  Whatever the vagaries of a particular red grape variety, there will be a part of Australia that can give it everything it needs. Even toughies like rustic Malbec or black-as-pitch Petit Verdot turn out a treat.

In general, the warmer the wine region, the more likely it will produce rich, full flavoured styles which many people come to associate with Australian red wine.  However, Australia also has cool climatic conditions well suited to red varieties which produce lighter and more delicate red wine styles.

The world’s classic premium red grape varieties are all found in abundance in Australia.

Cabernet Sauvignon has several natural “homes” amongst Australia’s wine regions.  The famous Coonawarra terra rossa soils have produced excellent Cabernet Sauvignon for over a century, while few regions can match Western Australia’s Margaret River Cabernet Sauvignon for sheer stylishness.

In cooler regions the tricky grape Pinot Noir fits in nicely, while the versatile Shiraz, expresses itself wonderfully well in virtually all but the coolest regions. Several of the milder climate regions are also home to that eccentric and wonderful Australian speciality wine, sparkling red Shiraz.

Whatever you’re looking for in terms of red wine, the chances are Australia will be making that style somewhere.  Here’s what to expect from the different varieties that Australia grows:

Barbera

Of the Italian varieties, Sangiovese and Barbera have had the most success in Australia.  Barbera is perhaps the most suited to the country with its full-on plummy fruitiness and it is evidently at home in hot temperatures.

Cabernet Franc

Cabernet Franc is mostly included in blends with big brother Cabernet Sauvignon or Merlot.  This is a shame, because in its own right it’s full of wild-strawberry and cherry fruitiness – a tad lighter in style than Shiraz but no less of a wine and great for drinking in warmer weather!

Cabernet Sauvignon

Usually considered the noblest of red grapes, probably due to its pride of place in the history of old world classics.

In Australia, look for it in the medium to cool regions and the wines will be as powerfully flavoured, blackcurranty and full-bodies as you’d expect from anywhere.  It’s at its minty best in Coonawarra and Margaret River – the latter region coming up with wonderfully good blends with Merlot.

The Yarra Valley in Victoria is another Cabernet Sauvignon producer, making wines that are pure-fruited and elegant.  McLaren Vale in South Australia and Mudgee in New South Wales also generate wines with black currant and berry characters with a hint of chocolate.  All of these wines are rich and well structured to benefit from further age in bottle, so it’s also well worth cellaring them for a year or two.

Grenache

Another red grape variety from the Rhône, which is just as at home in Australia as Shiraz is.
Like Shiraz it was taken for granted for a long while – prized principally for its juicy rosé and fiery fortified wines.  Today, with the discovery of some of the original old vines, first planted over 150 years ago, growers now realise that this grape makes just about the most luscious cherry and raspberry-filled wines possible.  Renowned for their sweet ripeness, these grapes (which grow best in Australia’s warmer regions) make wines which are high in alcohol and low in tannin. They’ll warm you to your toes!

Merlot

Merlot is not a grape variety which you’ll often see on its own in Australia.

When you do, however it will be full of attractive primary fruit flavours and velvety softness to make you wonder why.  Merlot makes a perfect partner for Cabernet Sauvignon; Merlot adds the suppleness to Cabernet’s stern, serious structure.

Fine examples of Merlot blended wines are available from the warmer inland regions, such as Riverina, Riverland and Murray Darling.  Unblended Merlot is also being increasingly seen from these areas, where like the Barossa Valley and McLaren Vale it produces a soft dry red often described as plush plum like.

In cooler climates such as the Yarra Valley or Margaret River, unblended Merlot tends to take on more savoury flavours with firmer tannins.

Mourvedre

Mourvedre (or Mataro) was another grape used in Australia’s bulk wines during the1960s.  Mourvedre has since been rediscovered for its fabulously rich, spicy old-vine/bush-vine wines.  The Barossa Valley has some wonderful examples of this variety which should be treasured for their history and for their spice and liquorice concentration.

Pink or Rose Wines

Rosé style wines are made by pressing ripe, red grapes but leaving the juice in contact with the skins for just a short while so that the wines just acquire a pink blush.  These wines are generally drunk young, while they are still fresh and vibrant.

They tend to be drunk chilled, an increasingly popular option during warm Aussie days, particularly among red wine drinkers who just can’t bear the transition to a true white wine despite the heat.  As Australian winemakers are using their favourite grapes such as Shiraz and Grenache for the wine with their tendency to produce more complex flavours, Australian rosés fall mid-way between whites and fuller bodied reds.

Pinot Noir

What’s a delicate, pernickety grape like this doing in a sun-drenched robust country like Australia, you might ask.

You’d be asking a good question.  Pinot Noir is a challenge to grow in any part of the world.  What’s now emerged is a handful of Pinot Noir styles all Australia’s own and a proud group they are too.  Being a cool climate variety, growers in the coolest regions are seeing great success; that’s in regions like the Adelaide Hills, Tasmania, Mornington Peninsula, Geelong, the Yarra Valley and Great Southern.

In these regions the wines tend to come out strawberry / raspberry- fruited when young, then get progressively more mushroomy and savoury with age.  The best styles of all come from vines with a little age, which haven’t been harvested too heavily and from wines given a gentle maturation in oak barrels.

Sangiovese

Of the Italian varieties, Sangiovese and Barbera have had the most success in Australia.  Sangiovese’s sour-cherry tones have proved more difficult to perfect but a few from the McLaren Vale region have shown good potential.

Shiraz

No other grape has such a uniquely Australian character. Try to copy they might but the rest of the world’s winemakers will never capture that mulberry, spicy, slightly ‘wild’ flavour that can only be Australia’s own.

Shiraz (the same grape as Syrah in France’s Rhône Valley) was one of the first vine varieties to arrive in Australia in 1832.  So at home was it on its new turf that plantings prospered and it wasn’t long before the local population began to take it for granted.  However, by the 1980s people had begun to realise how versatile it could be, its character changed depending on the region in which it was grown.

Every style emerged from elegant, peppery cool climate styles (Heathcote in Victoria) to more intensely flavoured spicy styles of Coonawarra and Margaret River to powerful and minty (Clare Valley), sweet and chocolaty (McLaren Vale), muscular, and ripe-fruited (Barossa), and leather and rich (Hunter Valley).

Shiraz, which has traditionally been blended in both cool and warm climates with Cabernet Sauvignon is also blended with Grenache and Mourvedre in warm climates. 

In recent years, with the availability of increased plantings of Viognier in Australia, winemakers have increasingly blended Shiraz Viognier combinations.  Typically, Shiraz Viognier blends have a perfumed aroma and softer tannins which make these wines suitable to enjoy while relatively young.

Tempranillo

Tempranillo is known for its sweet, plumy berry flavours that are balanced by savoury, dry tannins. Originally from Spain this grape is adapting well to new homes in Australia. In cool regions Tempranillo can be ‘spicy’ while warmer regions bring out sweeter fruity flavours but stronger tannins too.

Zinfandel

Zinfandel is a thin-skinned grape that performs best in warm, dry conditions.  In Australia the Cape Mentelle winery in Western Australia’s Margaret River region has played ambassador to the grape producing dense, high alcohol wines with intense flavours that have developed a cult status.  However other Australians are now using the grape to produce lighter, spicy wines that can, in the Californian fashion, be savoured much younger.